FREE—Penaeus Monodon Hatchery Manual
Based on the Experience in India
Improving Penaeus monodon Hatchery Practices, a manual based on the shrimp farming experience in India, reviews the status of broodstock facilities and hatcheries in India and then discusses ways of improving postlarvae quality. Focusing on the giant tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), it also provides technical protocols and guidelines for improving hatchery biosecurity.
Excerpt
The number of shrimp hatcheries in India increased rapidly from the late 1980s to the early 2000s. In the 2002–2003 production year, approximately 300 hatcheries, mostly in the state of Andhra Pradesh, used an estimated 200,000 broodstock to produce 10 billion postlarvae.
Number and Production Capacity of Shrimp Hatcheries in India by State |
||||||
State |
Penaeus monodon |
Macrobrachium sp. |
Total |
|||
Number |
Capacity (in millions) |
Number |
Capacity (in millions) |
Number |
Capacity (in millions) |
|
| Andhra Pradesh | 148 |
7,882 |
43 |
1,453 |
191 |
9,335 |
| West Bengal | 2 |
100 |
9 |
66 |
11 |
166 |
| Orissa | 13 |
455 |
2 |
20 |
15 |
475 |
| Kerala | 22 |
484 |
7 |
53 |
29 |
537 |
| Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry |
73 |
2,863 |
8 |
215 |
81 |
3,078 |
| Karnataka | 13 |
301 |
0 |
0 |
13 |
301 |
| Gujarat | 2 |
45 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
45 |
| Goa | 1 |
20 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
20 |
| Maharashtra | 6 |
325 |
2 |
20 |
8 |
345 |
Totals |
280 |
12,457 |
71 |
1,827 |
351 |
14,302 |
Although there are 30 shrimp hatcheries in Andhra Pradesh equipped with PCR laboratories, only a few screen the broodstock for whitespot. Random checking is performed by selecting one or two individuals from a batch of 50–60 broodstock. Wild-caught broodstock is the only source of shrimp seed. Studies indicate that about a quarter of wild-caught spawners are infected with the whitespot virus. Moreover, quality appears to vary with the season, and there are some indications that average size has become smaller and quality poorer.
Shrimp Farming Potential, Usage and Production in India |
||||
State |
Potential Area for Shrimp Farming |
Area Under |
Production (Metric Tons) |
Production (Metric Tons Per Hectare Per Year |
| Andhra Pradesh | 150,000 |
69,640 |
53,124 |
0.76 |
| West Bengal | 405,000 |
49,925 |
29,714 |
0.60 |
| Orissa | 31,000 |
12,116 |
12,390 |
1.02 |
| Kerala | 65,000 |
14,029 |
6,641 |
0.46 |
| Tamil Nadu and Pondicherry |
56,800 |
3,214 |
6,070 |
1.91 |
| Karnataka | 8,000 |
3,085 |
1,830 |
0.59 |
| Gujarat | 376,000 |
1,013 |
1,510 |
1.49 |
| Goa | 18,500 |
963 |
700 |
0.73 |
| Maharashtra | 80,000 |
615 |
981 |
1.60 |
Totals |
1,190,900 |
154,600 |
112,780 |
0.73 |
Table of Contents
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Introduction
Shrimp hatchery development in India
Major Requirements for Effective Hatchery Production
Infrastructure
Facility maintenance
Maintenance of machinery
Regular cleaning and disinfection water, aeration and drainage pipelines
Maintenance of tanks
Maintenance of filters (slow sand, rapid, cartridge, UV/Ozone)
Inlet water quality and treatment
Quality of intake water and treatment options
Inlet water treatment protocol
Seawater intake
Sedimentation/sand filtration of inlet water
Disinfection of inlet water using chlorine
Wastewater treatment
Biosecurity
Personal sanitation and hygiene
Standard operating procedures (SOPS)
Hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) approach
Seven steps in applying the HACCP principles
Chemical use during the hatchery production process
Health assessment
Level 1 health assessment techniques
Level 2 health assessment techniques
Level 3 health assessment techniques
Pre-Spawning Procedures
Wild broodstock
The broodstock capture fishery
Broodstock quality
Pollution
Domesticated and SPF/SPR/SPT broodstock
Limitations of SPF shrimp
Importation of broodstock
Broodstock landing centers and holding techniques
Broodstock selection and transport from landing/auction centers
Broodstock utilization
Broodstock quarantine
Broodstock health screening
Broodstock maturation
Broodstock nutrition
Broodstock spawning
Egg hatching
Nauplius selection
Egg/nauplius disinfection and washing
Eggs
Nauplii
Holding and disease testing of nauplii
Transportation of nauplii
Post-Spawning Procedures
Larval rearing unit preparation
Larval-rearing/health management
Stocking rate
Water exchange protocols
Siphoning of wastes
Aeration
Water quality monitoring
Chemical/antibiotic use
Use of probiotics to replace antibiotics
Responsible use of antibiotics
Larval nutrition and feed management
Use of live algae
Artemia use
Artificial feeds
Important larval diseases
Monodon baculovirus (MBV)
White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV)
Baculoviral midgut gland necrosis virus (BMNV)
Vibriosis
Larval mycosis
Ciliate infestation
Swollen hind gut (SHG)
Diseases of unknown etiology
General assessment of larval condition
Level 1 Health assessment observations
Level 2 Health assessment observations
Level 3 Health assessment techniques
Quality testing/selection of PL for stocking
PL harvest and transportation
Nursery rearing
Timing of PL stocking
Use of multiple species in shrimp hatcheries
Documentation and record keeping
References
Annexes
Persons responsible for compiling this document
Chemicals and treatments used in shrimp aquaculture in India
List of pharmacologically active substances banned for use in aquaculture in India
Quarantine/maturation tank daily data sheet
Spawning/hatching tank daily data sheet
Larval-rearing tank daily data sheet
Level 1 larval health data sheet
Level 2 larval health data sheet
PL quality testing results sheet
Research and development and extension requirements
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Improving Penaeus monodon Hatchery Practices (a manual based on experience in India). Ichiro Nomura and Yugraj Yadava. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 446. Rome, 2007.
