SITE MAP Free News
March 16, 2007
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The February 2007 issue of National Geographic magazine contains a 19-page article on the state of the world's mangroves. Titled Forests of the Tide, it is very critical of shrimp farming.
Satellite images from January 1987 and November 1999 show the development of shrimp farming along Nicaragua's Estero Real, an estuary in the northwest corner of the country that drains into the Gulf of Fonseca.
The article is loaded with spectacular pictures (underwater, aerial, two-page spreads) and "file-this-one-away" background information on the plants, animals and people that make a living in the Forests of the Tide.
GAA Rebuts National Geographic Article
In a press release, the Global Aquaculture Alliance, an international organization dedicated to responsible aquaculture and shrimp farming, says:
The article on mangroves in the February 2007 issue of National Geographic magazine repeats dated, negative stereotypes of shrimp farming's impacts on mangroves and downplayed the benefits of the industry. In reality, properly sited shrimp farms can exist in harmony with mangroves and boost local economies without harming natural resources. Mangroves provide both vital habitat for birds and fish, and an essential barrier to coastal erosion. Responsible shrimp farmers recognize the many values of mangroves.
The anti-shrimp farming tone of Kennedy Warne's Forests of the Tide was encapsulated in a photo caption that described the growth of aquaculture around Central America's Gulf of Fonseca as "wiping out mangroves, polluting the environment and disrupting freshwater supplies."
The satellite images--which illustrated Nicaragua's Estero Real estuary system in 1987 and 1999 – clearly showed that shrimp farms built during the 1990s were sited almost exclusively on mud flats and did not displace mangroves. The same images were previously submitted to Nicaragua's environmental ministry to show that the farms did not harm mangroves. [If you have Google Earth, a free download from Google, you can view the shrimp farms surrounding the Estero Real at latitude 12º, 54', 14", longitude 87º, 12', 34".]
Warne's article called the shore zone occupied by mangroves "a prime location for shrimp ponds", but in reality, this zone is far from optimal. Shrimp ponds built in mangrove areas can't be properly drained or managed, and the soil often becomes acidified. Shrimp in such ponds are prone to disease and yield only meager crops.
National Geographic said, "Shrimp farmers typically abandon their ponds after a few crop cycles…and move to new sites." This practice was a historical problem in areas with poorly enforced laws, but has become the exception rather than the rule. Some ponds in Honduras, for example, have been in continual production for over 30 years.
Decades-long scientific and social studies of the Estero Real region funded by Nicaragua's national shrimp grower's association found that fuel cutting, not shrimp farms, was the main cause of mangrove loss in the area. Local stakeholders agreed that sediment from the volcanic system adjacent to the Estero Real was causing much greater problems than aquaculture was causing.
One of the requirements of the operational management plan for the Estero Real is industry application of codes of conduct for shrimp farmers. Through its Codes of Practice for Responsible Shrimp Farming and Best Aquaculture Practices shrimp farm certification standards, the Global Aquaculture Alliance helps provide guidance on responsible production practices for shrimp facilities in Central America and around the world.
Best Aquaculture Practices certification explicitly protects mangroves. The BAP certification audit requires mangrove replanting or wetland restoration of an area at least three times as large as any area of mangroves removed. In addition, the quantitative BAP standards address a range of other environmental and social issues, as well as food safety and traceability.
Forests of the Tide leaves no doubt that mangroves are a valuable, yet vulnerable resource. But it falls short in its analysis of the prevailing challenges to such threatened resources by relying on an outdated stereotype of aquaculture as the villain.
Information on Mangroves and GAA's Best Aquaculture Practices: Daniel Lee, Global Aquaculture Alliance (phone +44-1248-713591, email dangaelle@aol.com).
Information: George Chamberlain, Ph.D., President, Global Aquaculture Alliance, 5661 Telegraph Road, Suite 3A, St. Louis, MO 63129 USA (phone 314-293-5500, fax 314-293-5525, email georgec@gaalliance.org, webpage www.gaalliance.org).
Sources: 1. National Geographic (http://www.nationalgeographic.com/index.html). Forests of the Tide. Kennedy Warne (photographs by Tim Laman). Volume 211, Number 2, Page 132, February 2007. 2. Global Aquaculture Alliance. Press release. National Geographic Mangrove Article Overplays Aquaculture Impacts. March 8, 2007.
Country Reports
Australia
New BioSecurity Rules
Australian shrimp importers assert that the domestic shrimp fishing industry and the shrimp farming industry are using "risk assessment" as a form of protectionism in an attempt to ban foreign raw shrimp. Australian Prawn Farmers Association (APFA) executive officer Scott Walter takes a different view. He says the draft report prepared by Biosecurity Australia states: "...The likelihood of release of whitespot syndrome virus via the unrestricted importation of nonviable, farm-sourced, frozen, uncooked, whole shrimp intended for human consumption is estimated to be high." APFA states that government testing of imported raw shrimp in late 2006 found that 100 percent were carrying exotic diseases. Walter says that Australia is not setting a precedent in implementing quarantine measures. Brazil banned all frozen shrimp imports in 1999, and Mexico, Nicaragua and Colombia have mandatory testing of all frozen shrimp imports.
Source: FisheNews (an email supplement to Austasia Aquaculture magazine, www.austasiaaquaculture.com.au). Editor, Tim Walker (austasiaaquaculture@netspace.net.au). Arguments Over Prawn Imports Continue. March 8, 2007.
Brazil
Production of Shrimp and Shrimp Feeds
Brazil produces an estimated 55,000 to 60,000 metric tons of head-on, farmed, Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) a year. After vigorous growth in the late 1990s and early 2000s, the industry was hit with a number of disease problems in 2003. Then came the heavy dumping duties from the USA in 2005, followed by a governmental policy to strengthen the currency--all of which contributed to an industry slowdown.
Fifteen feed mills, with an estimated shrimp feed production capacity of 150,000 tons a year, produce shrimp feed in Brazil. Current production of shrimp feeds hovers around 85,000 tons.
Source: Aqua Feeds: Formulation and Beyond (www.feedware.com). Editor, Dr. Victor Suresh (victor@feedware.com). Aqua Feeds in Brazil. Volume 3, Issue 2–3, Page 18, 2006.
China
Shrimp Allergens
Chinese researchers have developed a heat/irradiation treatment that reduces allergenic proteins in harvested shrimp.
The research has been met with skepticism from some people in the food industry. Writing in Chemistry & Industry, the magazine of the Society of Chemical Industry, Lisa Richards quotes an unnamed spokesperson from a large food company as saying: "It seems highly unlikely there would be a viable market for such an artificially manipulated product."
Flemming Jensen from Denmark's Department of Seafood Research told Richards: "If I were sensitive, I wouldn't risk eating these [shrimp] until in vivo experiments have been performed."
The research, published in the Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, says the treatment is a simple process that deactivates a protein in shrimp that causes allergies. It reduced the level of the allergen (tropomyosin), 20-fold, based on blood taken from 15 people with shrimp allergies and three people with no shrimp allergies. The researchers, led by Li Zhenxing from the Ocean University of China, concluded: "...Although further studies are needed to assess the clinical relevance of our findings, radiation and heat seem to be a promising method for decreasing the immunoreactivity of shrimp."
Samuel Lehrer of Tulane University in New Orleans, USA, is already working on removing allergens from shrimp using genetic techniques. Zhenxing's method would be preferable for people wary of eating genetically modified foods.
Information: Lin Hong, Ocean University of China, Seafood Safety Laboratory, Qingdao, P.R. China 266003.
Sources: 1. Nutra Ingredients.com. Non-GMO method for removing allergens from seafood? (http://www.nutraingredients.com/news/ng.asp?n=74490-allergy-seafood-irradiation). February 26, 2007. 2. ChinaDaily.com. Research offers solution for sea food allergy (http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/lifestyle/2007-02/26/content_814257.htm). February 26, 2007. 3. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. Impact of irradiation and thermal processing on the immunoreactivity of shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) proteins [accepted for publication, but not yet published?]. Authors: L. Zhenxing, L. Hong, C. Limin and K. Jamil. 4. Chemistry & Industry. Researchers fish for solution to allergies. Lisa Richards. Page 6, February 26, 2007.
Ecuador
Production Back to 1998 Levels
The National Aquaculture Chamber reports that shrimp farmers produced 120,000 metric tons of whole shrimp in 2006, a nice recovery from the whitespot virus that hit in the early 2000s.
Luis Cevallos, a shrimp producer in Pedernales, said: "Besides fighting the whitespot disease, which left us bankrupt, we also learned to cope with it. Now we know how to be producers in spite of the virus."
Semi-intensive ponds produce between two and two-and-a-half tons per hectare. Postlarvae cost $1/1,000. Farms use a short growout period, produce relatively small, 12-gram animals, and get two harvests a year. Production costs per hectare are approximately $500, making Ecuador one of the lowest cost producers in the world.
Source: Seafood.com (an online, subscription-based, fisheries news service). Ecuador shrimp sector bounces back as production returns to 1998 levels. Translated by Angel Rubio Canas. Editor and Publisher, John Sackton (phone 781-861-1441, email jsackton@seafood.com). February 23, 2007.
India
Tiger Farmers Want to Ban Vannamei
The Prawn Farmers Federation of India, with over 100,000 small-scale farmers and their families as members, has approached the Agriculture Ministry seeking a ban on the farming of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei). S.V. Bala, Interim Secretary of the Federation, said: We are seeking a ban on P. vannamei because it would destroy the thriving giant tiger shrimp (P. monodon) farming industry. India is the leading producer of giant tiger shrimp in the world. ...A representation will be made to the ministry asking it to stop proposals for the introduction of any exotic farm species because we feel...that adequate biosecurity protocols as well as proper controls for introduction and monitoring are not in place.
I.P.R. Mohan Raju, Interim-President of the Federation, said, "The exotic species, which are grown in high and super-high density culture systems, are not suitable and are not economically viable for the small scale farmers, who constitute more than 92 percent of the farming community."
S. Santhanakrishnan, Interim-Coordinator for the Federation, said that vannamei hosts various viruses, some of which mutate rapidly.
Source: TheFishSite.com. Indian prawn farmers seek ban on imported white shrimp species (http://www.thefishsite.com/fishnews/3730/indian-prawn-farmers-seek-ban-on-imported-white-shrimp-species). February 26, 2007.
India
Female Prawn Farmers Defy Caste System
Balasore...In the caste system, women are often thought of as "handicapped". But the members of Dibyajyoti Shakti Sangathan, a women's self help group in the Balasore District of Orissa, have defied tradition. The group, comprising of 16 women, including four belonging to Scheduled Castes [lower castes, outcastes], have been able to harvest 250 kilograms of freshwater prawns that weighed, on average, 40 grams each. With support from the State Fisheries Department, the group plans to increase production to 2,400 kilograms, and then to 6,000 kilograms.
Sanjulata Bhuyan and Sabitri Mahalik, president and secretary of the group, got a bank loan of $8,712 in 2004-2005 and received a $2,828 subsidy from the District Rural Development Agency to start the project. They hope to pay off the loan quickly.
Source: KalingaTimes.com. Women group nets success in prawn farming (http://www.kalingatimes.com/orissa_news/news/20070228_Women_net_success_in_prawn_farming.htm). Sibdas Kundu. February 28, 2007.
Mexico
Production of Farmed Shrimp
Mexico currently produces about 73,000 tons of Pacific white shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) a year. Most shrimp are produced on large farms in the Pacific coastal states of Sonora and Sinalóa.
Source: Aqua Feeds: Formulation and Beyond (www.feedware.com). Editor, Dr. Victor Suresh (victor@feedware.com). Aqua Feeds in Mexico. Volume 3, Issue 2–3, Page 10, 2006.
Peru
Dragon Feeds
During "Aquaculture 2007" in San Antonio Texas (February 26 thru March 2, 2007), polychaete feed manufacturer, Dragon Feeds, Ltd., and Peru's Alicorp SAA, parent company of the shrimp feed producer, Nicovita, signed an agreement that will lead to polychaete farming in Peru.
Information: Tony Smith, Managing Director, Dragon Feeds, Ltd., Unit 43 & 44, Endeavour Close, Industrial Estate, Purcell Avenue, Port Talbot, SA12 7PT, United Kingdom (phone 44-1639-896777, fax 44-1639-883173, email tony.smith@dragonfeeds.com).
Information: Dagoberto Sánchez, Alicorp SAA, Nicovita Feeds, Av. Argentina No. 4793, Callao 03, Peru (phone 51-1-3150800, fax 51-1-3150837, email atencionclientes@alicorp.com.pe, webpage www.nicovita.com.pe).
Source: Aquafeed.com (The free E-zine for aquafeed professionals, http://www.aquafeed.com). Welsh worm feed expands to Peru (http://aquafeed.com/article.php?id=1852§ionid=1). Editor, Suzi Fraser Dominy (email editor@aquafeed.com). March 6, 2007.
Saudi Arabia
All Female Processing Plant
Riyadh...National Prawn Company plans to open a $2 million, all-female shrimp processing plant in Al-Lith on the Red Sea.
The $200 million first phase of this projected resulted in eleven shrimp farms and 2,800 hectares of ponds with projected production of 13,500 metric tons of whole shrimp a year. Phase two will cost $150 million and add fifteen more farms and 3,500 more hectares of ponds capable of producing 17,500 tons a year.
NPC follows the codes of conduct and methods of production outlined under the United Nation's definition of "Sustainable Development". It produces antibiotic-free shrimp--with no hormones and no preservatives--using eco-friendly, sustainable shrimp farming methods. It uses low stocking densities and settling ponds to protect the local aquatic ecosystem.
NPC's product line is currently marketed locally and internationally under the brand name "Al-Watania" and other brand names.
Information: Ahmad Al Balla, General Manager, NPC National Prawn Company, P.O. Box 20, Al-Lith 21961, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (phone 00-966-7-7420742, extensions 582–583, fax 00 966-7-7420743, email sales@robian.com.sa, webpage http://www.robian.com.sa).
Sources: 1. Asharq.com. Saudi Arabia: First all-Woman Prawn Factory to Launch Late 2007 (http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=6&id=8221). Iman al Khattaf & Ibrahim al Thaqafi. March 6, 2007. 2. World Shrimp Farming 2006. Saudi Arabia--National Prawn Company. Editor, Bob Rosenberry. October 2006.
Thailand
High Health Aquaculture and Thai Union Feed Mill Form Joint Venture
Thai Union Feed Mill, a subsidiary of Thai Union Frozen Products and a leading producer and exporter of shrimp and fish feeds, has formed a joint venture with High Health Aquaculture, a USA-based broodstock facility, to produce specific-pathogen-free, fast-growing, Taura-virus-resistant shrimp nauplii and postlarvae in Thailand. The joint venture, named "High Health Thailand", completed the construction of its facilities at a 37-acre site north of Phuket in 2006 and is up and running. Capitalized with $11 million, Dr. James Wyban will serve as its managing director.
Information: James Wyban, Ph.D., High Health Aquaculture, Inc., P.O. Box 1095, Kurtistown, HI 96760 USA (phone 808-982-9163, fax 808-982-9163, email jim.wyban@gmail.com, webpages www.hihealthshrimp.com and www.spfgenetics.com).
Source: Seafood.com (an online, subscription-based, fisheries news service). Thai Union expands vertically integrated shrimp production with joint broodstock venture High Health. Editor and Publisher, John Sackton (phone 781-861-1441, email jsackton@seafood.com). March 9, 2007.
Thailand
Suicide Blamed on Dumping
Somsak Paneetatyasai, President of the Thai Shrimp Association, reports: The USA dumping case has claimed its first victim. Samrerng Tianyoi, a shrimp exporter, has committed suicide over the expenses and pressures brought on by the dumping case. In addition to paying dumping duties on every kilo of shrimp that he exported, Samrerng incurred heavy legal expenses for help from American lawyers and had to post bonds to insure that the duties were paid. His business was also negatively impacted by the strengthening of the baht.
Somsak said Samrerng was a legend in the shrimp industry, a pioneer who started his career by buying and selling fresh shrimp. After that, he set up a peeling operation and eventually became one of the leading shrimp processors and exporters in Thailand. Information: Somsak Paneetatyasai, Thai Shrimp Association, 193/43 Lake Rajada Office Complex, 12th Floor, Ratchadapisek Road, Klongtoey, Bangkok 10110 Thailand (Mobile phone 081-8302448, email thshrimp@cscoms.com).
A letter from Kim Chauvin, in Louisiana, to Seafood.com, an online, subscription-based, fisheries news service, said:
"...While my heart goes out to the family of this person, it is extremely unfair to blame the American fishers for fighting back."
Sources: 1. Email from Somsak Paneetatyasai to Shrimp News International. Subject: AD [anti-dumping] Claimed First Victim. March 7, 2007. 2. Seafood.com (an online, subscription-based, fisheries news service). Letter: Unfair to blame US Fishermen for suicide of Thai shrimp producer. Kim Chauvin, Louisiana. Editor and Publisher, John Sackton (phone 781-861-1441, email jsackton@seafood.com). March 12, 2007.
United States
Maryland--Advanced BioNutrition
Advanced BioNutrition Corp. (ABN), a leader in developing sustainable technology to improve animal health and nutrition, announces AquaGrow® for Shrimp. This new product makes it possible for shrimp feed manufacturers to produce feeds from ingredients that are 100 percent sustainable. AquaGrow provides a balance of key omega-3 fatty acids from natural sources, including microalgae, that are essential for the optimal growth and development of shrimp.
Dr. Robert A. Bullis, an aquatic veterinarian and ABN's Director of Animal Health and Regulatory Affairs, said, "AquaGrow® for Shrimp has been developed and field-tested over several years under a number of different conditions in tanks and ponds, both in the United States and Thailand. We have now developed the correct blend of natural components that, in combination with lower cost vegetable proteins, enables the total replacement of fishmeal and fish oil in shrimp feeds, while providing equivalent growth and health in farm-raised shrimp."
Dr. David Kyle, President of ABN, said, "Because the microalgae are grown in a clean, traceable and sustainable fashion using conventional fermentation, AquaGrow® for Shrimp can be produced at a scale that meets the needs of the entire world's shrimp farming industry and farmers and manufacturers who are focusing on the sustainable seafood market now have a tool that enables them to meet market demands."
William F. Kirk, CEO and Chairman of ABN, said, "We are proud to launch this first in a series of new generation ingredients for aquafeeds that provide ecologically responsible solutions to the rapidly growing global aquaculture industry."
Information: Dr. Robert Bullis, Advanced BioNutrition Corp., 6430 Dobbin Road, Suite C, Columbia, MD 21045 USA (phone 410-730-8600, fax 410-730-9311, email rbullis@advancedbionutrition.com, webpage http://www.abn-corp.com/index.html). In Thailand, contact Larry Giessinger (lgiessinger@abn-corp.com).
Source: BusinessWire.com. ABN Launches Sustainable Solution for Shrimp Production/Product Aimed at $4B U.S. Shrimp Market Enables Sustainable Feeds (http://home.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/index.jsp?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20070226006033&newsLang=en). February 26, 2007.
United States
Minnesota--Cargill
Cargill Animal Nutrition recently completed construction of a new aquaculture research facility in Elk River, Minnesota. The environmentally controlled facility has multiple research systems capable of handling feeding trials with freshwater and saltwater animals of various sizes at a range of salinities and temperatures. Initial feeding trials will use tilapia and hybrid striped bass; however, longer-term projects will include catfish, shrimp and other saltwater species. Cargill officials say that the facility will be able to conduct up to a dozen major aquaculture studies annually.
Information: Ryan Lane, Aquaculture Technology Deployment Manager, Cargill Animal Nutrition, 12900 Whitewater Drive, MS14, Minnetonka, MN 55343 USA (phone 952-984-1816, fax 952-984-1423, email aquaculture@cargill.com, webpage http://cargillaquaculture.com).
Source: Grainnet.com. Cargill Opens Aqua Research Facility in Elk River, MN (http://www.grainnet.com/articles/Cargill_Opens_Aqua_Research_Facility_in_Elk_River__MN-42262.html). March 1, 2007.
Vietnam
Higashimaru Invests $10 Million in Feed Plant
On February 28, 2007, Higashimaru Co., Ltd., a Japanese feed company, signed an agreement with Nhut Thanh Tan, Ltd., Co., in Vietnam to lease land and build a $10 million, 10,000-ton-a-year mill to produce catfish and shrimp feed in the southern province of Tien Giang. Mr. Tsutomu Higashi, deputy general director of Higashimaru, said that construction of the plant would be started in March 2007.
Information: Tsutomu Higashi or Kuroki Katsunobu, Higashimaru Co., Ltd., Higashimaru Feed Research Station, 15-2 Seisatsucho, Kushikino-shi, Kagoshima 896-0046, Japan (phone 81-996-33-5412, fax 81-996-33-5413, email info@k-higashimaru.co.jp, webpage http://www.k-higashimaru.co.jp).
Source: NhanDan.com. Japanese company invests US $10 million to produce fish feed (http://www.nhandan.com.vn/english/business/010307/business_japanese.htm). March 1, 2007.
Vietnam
Antibiotics
Since December 2006, Japan has discovered 39 batches of Vietnamese shrimp that contained antibiotic residues (chloramphenicol and a derivative of nitrofuran). At least five of those batches were discovered in 2007. Consequently, effective February 26, 2007, Japan will check all batches of Vietnamese shrimp for antibiotics, with special emphasis on exporters whose previous shipments were found to contain antibiotics.
Vietnam might lose the Japanese market! Tran Thien Hai, Chairman of the Shrimp Sub-committee of the Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers (VASEP), described the situation as "very serious". Japanese authorities have threatened to stop importing shrimp from Vietnam if they find antibiotic residues in future shipments.
Sources: 1. Seafood.com (an online, subscription-based, fisheries news service). Vietnam instituting more checks on shrimp exports as Japan finds five more instances of contamination (http://www.seafoodnews.com/newsemail.asp?key=353024). Editor and Publisher, John Sackton (phone 781-861-1441, email jsackton@seafood.com). March 6, 2007. 2. VietnamNetBridge. Prohibited substance found in shrimp exports to Japan, once more (http://english.vietnamnet.vn/biz/2007/03/670378/). March 7, 2007.
Vietnam
Lobster Farming
Lobster farmers in the central province of Ninh Thuan stock wild juveniles in floating cages. In 2004, one district reported 14,000 cages and production of 700 tons. In 2006, the number of cages grew to 16,000, and by the end of 2007, 20,000 are expected. One kilogram of lobster garners up to $46.86, up from $31.24 a year ago. One hundred full-sized lobsters can earn a farmer between $1,874 and $2,499, said an official. Lobsters take 15 to 18 months to mature on a diet of crushed fish.
Source: Viet Nam News. VN lobster prices continue to soar (http://vietnamnews.vnagency.com.vn/showarticle.php?num=02AGR030307). March 3, 2007.
Vietnam
Lobsters
Dr., Hoang Tung, director of the International Centre for Research and Training at Nha Trang University in Central Vietnam, says:
"We have some exciting aquaculture activities going on in central Vietnam, including the farming of spiny rock lobsters [Panulirus ornatus]. This is now a big industry in Vietnam, but there is a lot of work to do in research and technology development. This is because we are now only harvesting the juveniles from the wild, stocking them in cages and fattening them up to market size of one kilo in 12 to 18 months." Tung claims that Vietnam is probably the only nation doing spiny lobster farming on a large scale.
Tung completed his Bachelor's degree at Nha Trang University, and then worked as a junior lecturer at the university. In 1996, he won a scholarship from Japan to study for his master's degree at the Asian Institute of Technology (AlT) in Bangkok, Thailand. He then worked for AlT as a researcher for a while before going to Australia to do his Ph.D. at Griffith University in Queensland, Australia.
"My Masters and Ph.D. research were in shrimp, working with the reproductive biology of Penaeus monodon (black tiger shrimp) and P. merguiensis (banana prawn). I have since diversified my research interests into slipper lobster, which is an alternative aquaculture species to the spiny lobster. This is because the larval rearing phase of the slipper lobster is much shorter and the value is quite high, almost that of the spiny lobster. It fetches $40/kg in the domestic market."
Tung's current research, supported by the International Foundation of Science, aims to develop hatchery technology for the slipper lobster species (Thenus orientalis and Scyllarides squammosus). These species not only fetch high prices in domestic and international markets, but they are also available locally and production of hatchery seed is possible. Hung said: "We've managed to nurse the larvae for two months, but survival is pretty low and I guess the larval phase will probably take three or four months for S. squammosus. We hope that in one or two years time we'll have solved the challenge and produce some seed."
Information: Dr. Hoang Tung (htunguof@gmail.com),
Source: Fish Farming International (http://www.fishfarminginternational.com). Editor, Kenny McCaffrey (kenny.mccaffrey@informa.com). Asian Update/Vietnam expands with new species. Volume 34, Number 1, Page 14, January 2007.
